Pests

Babi hutan (Sus scrofa)
Gajah (Elephas maximus)
Tikus (Rattus rattus tiomanicus)
Kera ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis)
Beruang madu (Helarotus malayanus)
Landak (Hystrix javanicus)
Tupai (Callosciurus notatus)
Kumbang (Adoretus dan Apogonia)
Ulat api
Ulat kantong
Rayap
Ulat api (Setothosea asigna Van Eecke)
Ulat api (Setora nitens Walker)
Ulat api (Darna Trima Moore)
Ulat api (Birthosea bisura Moore)
Ulat api (Birthamula chara Swinhoe)
Ulat api (Susica malayana Hering)
Ulat api (Thosea monoloncha Meyrick)
Ulat api (Thosea vetusta Walker)
Ulat api (Darna bradleyi Holoway)
Ulat api (Darna catenatus Snellen)
Ulat api (Darna diducta Snellen)
Ulat bulu (Dasychira inclusa Walker)
Ulat bulu (Amathusia phidippus L)
Ulat bulu (Calliteara horsfieldii Saunders)
Ulat bulu (Ambadra rafflesi Moore)
Ulat (Spodoptera litura Fabricius)
Ulat kantong (Mahasena corbetti Tams)
Ulat kantong (Metisa plana Walker)
Ulat kantong (Cremastopsyche pendula Joannis)
Kumbang (Apogonia expeditionis Ritsema)
Kumbang (Adoretus compressus Webb)
Kumbang (Exopholis hypoleuca (Wied))
Penggerek pucuk (Oryctes rhinoceros L.)
Penggerek pucuk (Rhynchophorus vulneratus (panser))
Penggerek pucuk (Scapanes australis Sternberg)
Penggerek buah (Tirathaba rufivena Walker)
Belalang (Valanga nigricornis (Burmeister))
Belalang (Lacusta migratoria manilensis Meyer
Rayap (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren)

 

 

x

Source:

Corley, R.H.V. and P.B. Tinker. 2003. The Oil Palm. Fourth Edition. Blackwell Science, Oxford.

Fairhurst, Thomas and Rolf Härdter. 2003. Oil Palm: Management for Large and Sustainable Yields. Potash & Phosphate Institute (PPI), Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPIC) and International Potash Institute (IPI).

Fauzi, Yan, Yustina E. Widyastuti, Iman Satyawibawa, dan Rudi H. Paeru. 2012. Kelapa Sawit. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. p.236.

Hakim, Memet. 2013. Kelapa Sawit: Teknis Agronomis & Manajemen. Media Perkebunan, Jakarta. p.377.

Pahan, Iyung. 2012. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit: Manajemen Agribisnis dari Hulu hingga Hilir. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. p.411.

Pardamean, Maruli. 2011. Cara Cerdas Mengelola Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. Penerbit Andi, Yogyakarta.

Rafiq, Rukaiyah, Asri Jon Tanjung, Jalal Sayuti, Endy Prihartono, dan Sahadi. 2010. Buku Saku Pendampingan dan Pemberdayaan Petani Mandiri Menuju Kehidupan Berkelanjutan. “Catatan Pengalaman Pendampingan Petani Kelapa Sawit Mandiri/Swadaya di Kabupaten Merangin, Provinsi Jambi”. Dinas Provinsi Jambi. p.53.

Rankine, Ian and Fairhurst, Thomas. Nursery. Field Handbook. Oil Palm Series. Volume 1. Potash & Phosphate Institute, Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada, East & Southest Asia Programs, Singapore.

Rankine, Ian and Fairhurst, Thomas. Mature. Field Handbook. Oil Palm Series. Volume 3. Potash & Phosphate Institute, Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada, East & Southest Asia Programs, Singapore.

Rankine, Ian and Fairhurst, Thomas. Immature. Field Handbook. Oil Palm Series. Volume 2. Potash & Phosphate Institute, Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada, East & Southest Asia Programs, Singapore.

Suwarto dan Yuke Octavianty. 2010. Budidaya 12 Tanaman Perkebunan Unggulan. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta. p.260.

Vermeulen, S. (2008). Chain-wide learning for inclusive agrifood market development.

 

Other references:

  • Clay, J. W. (2004). World agriculture and the environment: A commodity-by-commodity guide to impacts and practices. USA: World Wildlife Fund.
  • Fairhurst, T., & McLaughlin, D. (2009). Sustainable Oil Palm Development on Degraded Land in Kalimantan. Washington, DC USA: World Wildlife Fund.
  • Focus on Finance News. (2001). “Dutch banks commit to forest conservation.”. Retrieved from http://www.Forest.org website:
  • Garrity, D. P., Soekardi, M., Van Noordwijk, M., de la Cruz, R., Pathak, P. S., Bunasena, H. P. M., Majid, N. M. (1997). The Imperata Grasslands of Tropical Asia: Area, Distribution, and Typology. In D. P. Garrity (Ed.), Agroforestry Innovations for Imperata Grassland Rehabilitation. (pp. 3-29). Dordrecht: Kluer Academic Publishers.
  • Hooijer, A., Silvius, M., Wosten, H., & Page, S. (2006). “Peat-CO2: Assessment of CO2 emissions form drained peatlands in SE Asia”: Delft Hydraulics report Q3943.
  • Kartawinata, K., Riswan, S., Gintings, A. N., & Puspitojati, T. (2001). An overview of post-extraction secondary forests in Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 13, 621-638.
  • Kartodihardjo, H., & Supriono, A. (2000). The Impact of Sectoral Development on Natural Forest Conversion and Degradation: The Case of Timber and Tree Crop Plantations in Indonesia. Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.
  • Kurniawan, A. (2004). Tinjauan Ekonomi Industri Kelapa Sawit. Medan: Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit.
  • Nawir, A., Murniati, & Rumboko, L. (2007). Forest rehabilitation in Indonesia. Where to after more than three decades? (pp. 269). Jakarta: CIFOR.
  • Rautner, M., Haridiono, M., & Alfred, R. (2005). Borneo: Treasure island at risk – Status of forest, wildlife and related threats on the island of Borneo. Germany: WWF Germany.
  • Rowell, A., & Moore, P. F. (2000). “Global review of forest fires”: WWF International & The World Conservation Union (IUCN).
  • RSPO. (2007). RSPO Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Palm Oil.
  • RSPO. (2009). RSPO Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Palm Oil Production: Guidance on Scheme Smallholders. Kuala Lumpur: RSPO Task Force on Smallholders.
  • RSPO. (2010). RSPO Principles and Criteria for Sustainable Palm Oil Production: Guidance for Independent Smallholders under Group Certification. Jakarta: RSPO Task Force on Smallholders.
  • Stern, N. (2006). Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge, UK.: Cambridge University Press.
  • Teoh, C. H. (2010). Key Sustainability Issues in the Palm Oil Sectors. [A Discussion Paper for Multi-Stakeholders Consultations (commisioned by the World Bank Group)].
  • Tjitrosoedirdjo, S. (1993). Imperata cylindrica grasslands in Indonesia. In R. Vandenbeldt (Ed.), Imperata grasslands in Southeast Asia: Summary reports from the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia. Bangkok: Winrock International and USAID.
  • Uryu, Y., & 15 co-authors. (2008). “Deforestation, forest degradation, biodiversity loss and CO2 emissions in Riau, Sumatera, Indonesia”. Indonesia: WWF Indonesia Technical Report.
  • Vermeulen, S., Woodhill, J., Proctor, F., & Delnoye, R. (2008). Chain-Wide Learning for Inclusive Agrifood Market Development: A guide to multi-stakeholder process for linking small-scale producers to modern markets: International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK and Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

 

References (PPKS Booklets):

Darmosarkoro, Witjaksana, M. Lukman Fadli, and Akiyat. 2004. Kelainan-kelainan pada Kelapa Sawit: Kecambah, Pre-Nursery, dan Main Nursery. Buku 1. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Darmosarkoro, Witjaksana, Iman Yani Harahap and M. Lukman Fadli. 2004. Kelainan-kelainan pada Kelapa Sawit: Tanaman Belum Menghasilkan dan Tanaman Menghasilkan. Buku 2. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Darmosarkoro, Witjaksana, Edy Sigit Sutarta, Sugiyono, Nuzul Hijri Darlan, and Hasril Hasan siregar. 2005. Peningkatan Efectivitas Pemupukan Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Edy, R. Purnomo, Sriwijaya, Agus Susanto, Edy Sigit Sutarta, Iman Yani Harahap, Azhar Fadillah Lubis, Agus Eko Prasetyo, and Ahmad P. Dongoran. 2007. Mucuna Bracteata sebagai Tanaman Pengendali Gulma: Perbanyakannya dengan Stek dan Biji di Indonesia. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Erningpraja, Luqman, and Darnoko. 2005. Pengelolaan Limbah Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Ramah Lingkungan. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Fadli, M. Lukman, Edy Sigit Sutarta, Petrus Purba, Sugiyono, Witjaksana Darmosarkoro, and Eko Noviandi Ginting. 2006. Kelapa Sawit pada Lahan Gambut. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Fadli, M. Lukman, Edy Sigit Sutarta, Witjaksana Darmosarkoro, Petrus Purba, Eko Novianding Ginting. 2006. Panen pada Tanaman Kelapa sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Harahap, Iman Yani, Yusran Pangaribuan, Hasril Hasan Siregar, and Eka Listia. 2005. Lingkungan Fisik Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Nurkhoiry, Ratnawati, Teguh Wahyono, Ambar Kurniawan, Iman Yani Harahap, and Arsyad D. Koedadiri. 2006. Pedoman Norma Kerja Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit pada Lahan Mineral: Pembukaan Lahan, Pembibitan, dan Penanaman. Buku 1. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Nurkhoiry, Ratnawati, Teguh Wahyono, Ambar Kurniawan, Iman Yani Harahap, and Arsyad D. Koedadiri. 2006. Pedoman Norma Kerja Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit pada Lahan Mineral: Pemeliharaan TBM, Pemeliharaan TM, dan panen. Buku 2. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Prawirosukarto, Sudharto, Endang Syamsuddin, Witjaksana Darmosarkoro, dan Amir Purba. 2005. Tanaman Penutup Tanah dan Gulma pada Kebun Kelapa Sawit. Buku I. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Prawirosukarto, Sudharto, Endang Syamsuddin, Witjaksana Darmosarkoro, dan Amir Purba. 2005. Tanaman Penutup Tanah dan Gulma pada Kebun Kelapa Sawit. Buku II. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Purba, Abdul Razak, Edy Suprianto, Yurna Yenni, Sujadi, Nanang Supena. 2005. Karakteristik Bahan Tanaman Unggul PPKS dan Pola Pengelompokannya di Pembibitan. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Purba, Petrus, Edy Sigit Sutarta, M. Lukman Fadli, Arsyad D. Koedadiri, Suroso Rahutomo, and Agus Susanto. 2005. Pemeliharaan Tanaman Kelapa Sawit Belum Menghasilkan. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Purba, Rolettha Y., Agus Susanto, and Sudharto Prawirosukarto. 2005. Hama-hama pada Kelapa Sawit: Serangga Hama pada Kelapa Sawit. Buku 1. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Purba, Petrus, Witjaksana Darmosarkoro, M. Lukman Fadli, Edi Sigit Sutarta, Sugiyono, and Dhimas Wiratmoko. 2006. Pembukaan Lahan dan Penanaman Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Siregar, Hasril Hasan, Endang Syamsuddin, Witjaksana Darmosarkoro, and Nuzul Hijri Darlan. 2005. Kebakaran dan Asap pada Lahan Kelapa sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Siregar, Hasril Hasan, Nuzul Hijri Darlan, Taufik Caesar Hidayat, Witjaksana Darmosarkoro, and Iman Yani Harahap. 2006. Hujan sebagai Faktor Penting untuk Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Siregar, Hasril hasan, Iman Yani Harahap, Witjaksana Darmosarkoro, Edy Sigit Sutarta, and Endang Syamsuddin. 2005. Antisipasi dan Penanggulangan Pengaruh Kekeringan pada Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Susanto, Agus, Sudharto Prawirosukarto, and Fahrida Yanti. 2005. Konservasi dan Perbanyakan Musuh Alami Hama, Penyakit, dan Gulma Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Susanto, Agus, Rolettha Y. Purba, and Sudharto Praworosukarto. 2005. Hama-hama pada Kelapa Sawit: Hama-hama Vertebrata Kelapa Sawit. Buku 2. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Susanto, Agus, Rolettha Y. Purba, and Agus Eko Prasetyo. 2007. Elaeidobius Kamerunicus: Serangga Penyerbuk Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Susanto, Agus, Relettha Y. Purba, Ahmad P. Dongoran, Azhar Fadillah Lubis, and Agus Eko Prasetyo. 2008. Pestisida di Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Sutarta, Edy Sigit, Petrus Purba, Amir Purba, B.H. Sitanggang, and Nuzul Hijri Darlan. 2005. Pemeliharaan Tanaman Kelapa Sawit Menghasilkan. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Winarma, Edy Sigit Sutarta, and Sugiyono. 2005. Pedoman Pengambilan Contoh Daun dan Tanah pada Tanaman Kelapa Sawit. Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit (PPKS) Medan.

Winarma, Eko Novianding Ginging, Edy Sigit Sutarta, and Petrus Purba. 2005. Teknik Pengawetan Tanah dan Air di Perkebunan Kelapa.